Essential Guide to Nonprofit Accounting Software

A Nonprofit's Essential Guide to Accounting Software

Although the most popular accounting software products- like QuickBooks and SAP- handle the needs of businesses in many industries, nonprofits have a unique business model and accounting standards and require different features and functionality from accounting software.

Keep reading this Essential Guide to Nonprofit Accounting Software to learn what makes accounting for nonprofits unique and get tips on choosing the best accounting software for your organization.

How are Nonprofit's Financial Goals Different?

It’s a common misconception that nonprofits don’t focus on financial goals since they’re not generating a profit. In fact, most nonprofits require a minimum level of fundraising each year to reach their mission goals. This means they focus on keeping revenue (fundraising) high and expenses (direct and indirect costs) low.

So far, that sounds pretty familiar to how all companies operate. However, nonprofits are guided by a mission- like providing education in under-served areas, supporting research to find cures to diseases, creating community among a specific group of people, and more. Instead of generating a profit that can be disbursed to shareholders or re-invested in the business, nonprofits funnel their revenue into things like research funding, program expenses, outreach and work that directly impacts their mission.

Furthermore, nonprofits receive different types of revenue than most for-profit businesses. Some focus primarily on traditional fundraising like monthly gifts, planned giving, online fundraising, and special events like galas. Others receive grant funding from governmental agencies, private foundations and community funds. Many receive a combination of both.

Churches and faith-based organizations also fall under the category of nonprofits. Unlike for-profit businesses, churches are not owned but rather are run by pastors, a church board, other governing bodies and staff who are often a combination of paid employees and volunteers. Faith-based organizations may operate missions around the world, and may operate independently or as part of larger organization such as a diocese. Like other nonprofits, their revenue streams look different from for profit businesses and they also require specific accounting software features.

How is Accounting Different for Nonprofits?

Nonprofits have assets but instead of owners having equity in the balance sheet, net assets are tracked for a nonprofit. Unlike a business’s revenue, these assets either have donor restrictions or they are considered unrestricted funds. Restricted funds can only be used for specific types of work- like direct services to constituents or they must focus on a specific category of work within a nonprofit’s mission.

Almost all organizations produce some sort of annual financial reporting, but it may not always be public information. Donor and granters both expect detailed reporting and deep financial transparency from nonprofit organizations. To efficiently provide this information, nonprofits need detailed financial records and real-time data to help gauge their progress towards their financial goals on both a monthly and annual basis and meet reporting guidelines.

Watchdog groups like Charity Navigator monitor the financial reports nonprofits publish and give organizations rankings based on criteria like the percentage of each dollar that goes into their mission (often called the efficiency rating), transparency of financial reporting, expenses and more. Donors, grantors and foundations look to these watchdogs to help them make informed choices about their donations and ensure they’re supporting an organization that is fiscally responsible.

At a nonprofit, a donation must be tracked throughout the accounting process, and if the funds are restricted, supporting documentation is required to prove that the funds were only used for the stated purpose. Accounting software specifically made for nonprofits addresses this need for specific reporting and has options for fund accounting, which we’ll get into in the next section.

Raising funds and winning grants is difficult and requires significant staff times and resources. Properly recording and managing funds that your organization receives is critical to ensuring the overall success of your organization, inspiring trust among donors, and increasing the likelihood that donors and grantors will continue to support your mission in the future.

What is Fund Accounting?

Many nonprofits use an accounting approach called fund accounting. This method which focuses on the use of resources more than profitability, with transparency and accountability at its core. It provides the framework for organizations to tell their stories and remain accountable to their stakeholders.   

A “fund” is a separate accounting entity that is defined by an organization.  An organization may have many funds supporting  their  mission. Each fund maintains a set of self-balancing accounts that must be used for the specific purpose defined by donors, grantors, governing boards, or by law.   

For example, your nonprofit might have a fund for scholarships. You need to ensure that any money raised specifically for scholarships actually goes into scholarship awards. Tracking the amount of funding that goes into a specific program, like scholarships, helps to translate the impact of the funding to donors and other supporters. Instead of only being able to report your overall funding totals, fund accounting allows you can report the total number of students supported, the total dollars that were dispersed, average award size and other key statistics.

Similarly, a grant might have specific conditions like the types of activities it can fund or allowances for overhead expenses. The grant conditions may also have a specific timeline for when funds can be used. Fund accounting allows you to produce reports that ensure your activities match the grant conditions.

The word “fund” has a different meaning at every nonprofit organization.  At a university, a fund may be an endowment.  At churches, it may be a specific to a mission, congregation or parish.  If a church raises money for its building fund, that money may not be spent on other church activities.

For public service organizations or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), a fund may be tied to an award or grant.  The organization has an obligation to use resources specific to the designated purpose of each fund and must be able to clearly report and tell the story of how  those  resources are being used. 

Nonprofit and services organizations have the responsibility and duty of care to steward its resources for the delivery of its mission.   Fund accounting supports your ability to know with confidence every dollar received is going for the purpose it was intended. 

Do You Need Fund Accounting and Award Management Software?

Fund accounting is not required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), but nonprofit organizations still need purpose-built fund accounting software. Fund accounting requires specific industry expertise, knowledge and experience to bridge the gap between tracking the use of funds and generating GAAP financial statements that focus on the changes in net assets. 

Most accounting solutions lack the ability to maintain balances between funds, recognize the release of restriction and track commitments and encumbrances while supporting the user’s ability to generate transparent, reliable reports at the fund level.  Intercompany entries and entity management can’t track fund release and net assets in a manner that is appropriate and tells the complete story. 

These tracking requirements can become complicated when your programs are funded by different awards, each with its own timetable and expense eligibility criteria. For international organizations, you may face additional complexity such as handling multiple currencies and multiple languages.

Fund accounting software for grant recipients is often called award management software, or grant management software. You may need to search multiple categories and keywords to learn about all your options. If you are a grantor you may need additional tools to handle the application, award and post-award processes.

How to Choose the Right Software

To find the right product for your needs, the best place to begin is with requirements to help you evaluate alternatives. Here are some common requirements that may apply to your organization.

High Level Requirements

A written list of requirements is the starting point for evaluating accounting software options. Requirements allow vendors to prepare better informed and more accurate proposals in response to your request.

Most organizations seek business benefits from their award management system such as these:

Improve decision making with access to real-time information, expenses, subawards, and obligations, presented in easy-to understand displays.
Increase efficiency. Productivity goes up since information silos are eliminated; everyone has access to the same information reducing time wasting ”back and forth” communications.
Streamline processes. Gives you a comprehensive picture start to finish of your entire process and helps eliminate redundant and potentially conflicting data issues.
Automate, simplify grant compliance.  Access one set of data in the format you need as often as you need.
Provide user-defined multi-currency viewing. View and report grant data in different currencies, depending on your multinational operational needs.
Support multiple languages. Specific the languages which you need for all your users.

After you spell out the broad goals for the software, it’s time to delve into the details. You should provide samples of your documentation as appropriate to accompany these requirements. You may want to use a spreadsheet to track how various products stack up in your evaluation.

The following are sample high level requirements:

Category	Requirement
Security	Complies with industry standards for security Integrated with authentication provider for single sign-on
Hosting	Available on leading cloud provider
Integrations	Integrates with document management, email, and office productivity apps such as word processing and spreadsheets Offers application programming interface (API) or software development kit (SDK) to allow further integrations Based on current standards such as web services and XML
Proposals	Create proposal estimates (budgets) using the sponsoring Funder’s specified line items that map to your organization’s G/L account numbers. Enter estimate amounts annually, quarterly, monthly, weekly, or daily; and use unit of measure codes to track quantities of specific items Track revisions of budget estimates as you move through the negotiation process Use the milestones feature to track due dates and completion dates of important activities during the proposal phase, such as submission of certifications, budget narrative, key personnel bio’s, etc. Attach important documents such as emails, spreadsheets, PDFs, etc.
Awards	Specify an award-specific currency that allows the organization to toggle the display of estimate amounts between the currency the organization operates in (LCY) and the currency of the sponsor (ACY). Incrementally obligate funds and track obligation amounts by sponsor-driven restrictions for better monitoring of available funds. Record modifications received from the sponsor to revise estimate amounts. Include a list of the terms and conditions of the award agreement. Use the milestones feature to track project activity deliverables, reporting deadlines, etc. Define the sponsor-imposed restrictions using dimension values to control expenses. Further control spending by restricting the start and end date for the obligation. Track actual expenses against the sponsor-approved budget line items. Track cost matching requirements and record transactions counted against any requirement. Track gifts-in-kind (e.g., towards a cost matching requirement).
Rules	Calculate and record indirect costs based on an organization-wide rate or award-specific rates. Calculate and record revenue recognition. Calculate and generate sales invoices in the Receivable system based on cost reimbursement, unit price, installment, or time and material methods.
Subawards	Track subawarded funds by subawardee to include modification of estimates, incremental obligation of funds; and tracking terms and conditions, milestones, certifications, clearance status, and monitoring level. Track total expenses under a subaward, including monies disbursed directly to the subawardee and monies disbursed for example equipment and supplies on behalf of the subawardee. Specify subaward-specific currencies to record and view subaward amounts in the currency of the subawardees (SCY)
Intercompany	With the purchase of an additional feature pack, implement the Intercompany feature to record entries across companies, where regional and local offices in other countries are represented by different companies in a single database or multiple databases. This allows the organization to enter data that automatically flows to the appropriate company and is then replicated out to the country offices and back in to headquarters without any redundant data entry or complicated import/export processing. All companies do not need to be on the same database. Data entry can originate in the country offices and then flow to HQ and then back to the country office. Record modifications to revise estimates or obligations in different currencies using the currency code feature and automatically flow estimate and obligation amounts to regional and local offices in other countries using the inter-company feature. This can also originate in country offices.

Starting with requirements like these, you may end up with dozens more which are unique to your organization. For instance, do you need to comply with any government standards or integrate with additional backend systems? Making the requirements more specific can speed up the evaluation process.

Achieving Compliance with Accounting Standards

The financial manager of a nonprofit must acknowledge the regulatory and compliance environments in which their organization operates. Nonprofit organizations must deliver clear statements to their key stakeholders including donors, board members, auditors, and watchdog groups. This creates several issues for the organization such as the timing of the audit, financial presentation, and the response to a number of due diligence questions typically required by board members or the auditors.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has issued the Accounting Standards Update (ASU) no. 2020-07. The purpose of this change is to improve generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) by increasing the transparency of contributed nonfinancial assets for nonprofit organizations.

The FASB guidance requires additional information and could result in increased costs to obtain the new data as well as an increase in audit fees resulting from changes in the presentation and quality of the data required.

The financial manager, in conjunction with the organization’s audit committee, should be continually reviewing the impacts of external pressures. In many cases, the new compliance measures may require the collection of data over a period of time and the allocation of resources. It is important to have the tools in place to satisfy the increasing compliance requirements and respond to the evolving reporting landscape.

Handling Audits

One of the main benefits of accounting software is to ease the burden of financial audits. CFOs and financial managers use data to find patterns in behavior, identify trends to help plot the best course for their operations and to take advantage of the opportunities good data can provide. Analytics can keep your organization running smoothly amid inevitable operational changes and adjustments. Further, analytics can provide a complete view of the organization, with the appropriate level of detail easily available. Auditors are also using data analytics to support their processes. Analytics can provide higher quality audit evidence, reduce repetitive tasks, and better correlate audit tasks to risks and assertions.

A financial manager must be prepared to respond to the increased demands for more data from donors, the Board, auditors and constituents of the organization and institution the organization supports. Typical periodic reports are no longer sufficient.

Financial Tool Kit

The financial manager of a nonprofit organization must continually evaluate the tools available to their teams to support the audit and operations. The financial team needs tools to respond to compliance changes and support the demands of audits. These tools should include:

An Enterprise approach to business operations that provides a centralized database and system of record
The ability to drill down to underlying data in reports
Oversight to changes made to setup, users, and permissions
Integrated allocation and budgeting processes
Embedded workflow process that restricts access across the data as well as requires appropriate review
Flexible nomenclature that can evolve with the organization
Dimensional reporting
The collection of financial and non-financial data to support the new reporting and 990 filing requirements.

Now that you understand the different between general accounting software and software tailored specifically for nonprofits, it’s time to research your options. Start with list of requirements you created in the previous section. Consider consulting similar organizations in your community or market to see what software they’re using.

Sylogist’s portfolio of solutions includes accounting software and fundraising software for nonprofit organizations, NGOs and K-12 school districts. Some options also have features to track student information, HR functions and payroll.

One of our experts will reach out to help you learn more about the Sylogist’s solutions.

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